The primary Latin term for the vast expanse of saltwater covering most of Earth is mare (neutral gender). It can be seen in words like “marine” and “maritime.” Another term, oceanus (masculine gender), refers specifically to the open ocean, especially the Atlantic, and gives us the modern “ocean.” Depending on context, pelagus (neutral gender), meaning “the open sea,” might also be used.
Understanding these terms provides valuable insight into the Roman perspective on the sea, differentiating between the familiar, navigable Mediterranean (mare) and the more mysterious, vast Atlantic (oceanus). This distinction influenced later scientific and literary works, contributing to the rich terminology surrounding marine environments. Studying classical literature or maritime history necessitates familiarity with these foundational terms.